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CENSUS OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

FOR THE YEAR


1861.




VOL. III.




GENERAL REPORT




Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty.





LONDON:
PRINTED BY GEORGE EDWARD EYRE AND WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE,
PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.
FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE.

1863.



ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS.


INTRODUCTION.


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Local Machinery for taking the CENSUS; the Formation of ENUMERATION DISTRICTS, and Qualifications of the ENUMERATORS 1
Mode of dealing with PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS 1
Enumeration of Persons on board MERCHANT VESSELS in HARBOURS, DOCKS, and RIVERS 2
The ROYAL NAVY 2
Enumeration of Persons on board BOATS and BARGES in INLAND WATERS 2
How Persons NOT LIVING IN DWELLING HOUSES were accounted for 2
DISTRIBUTION of Six Millions of HOUSEHOLDER'S SCHEDULES 2
Enumeration of PERSONS ABSENT FROM HOME 2
COLLECTION of the SCHEDULES on 8th April 1861 2-3
Proceedings subsequent to the Enumeration 3
RECEIPT and SUBSEQUENT REVISION of HOUSEHOLDERS' SCHEDULES at the CENSUS OFFICE 3
COLLATERAL RETURNS relating to the ARMY and NAVY, and to British Subjects resident in INDIA and in the COLONIAL POSSESSIONS and DEPENDENCIES of the BRITISH CROWN 3-4

I.—POPULATION, HOUSES, AND FAMILIES.


1. Persons absent from the United Kingdom.
Mobility of the People of these Islands 4
Number of BRITISH SUBJECTS ABROAD, and Places where they chiefly resort to 4
Number of each SEX enumerated ABROAD 4
BRITISH SUBJECTS in the UNITED STATES 4
FOREIGNERS in ENGLAND and WALES 5

2. Population of the United Kingdom.
Population of the UNITED KINGDOM in 1851, EMIGRATION in the Ten following Years, Diminution in the RATE of Increase of Population, the aggregate POPULATION ENUMERATED in 1861 5
The Annual and Decennial RATE of INCREASE of POPULATION; EMIGRANTS to be taken into account in determining the Increase of the ENGLISH RACE 5
DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION over Four Divisions of the UNITED KINGDOM in the Year 1861 5

3. Increase of the Population of England and Wales.
Increase of the Population of ENGLAND and WALES, and the DECENNIAL and ANNUAL RATE 5
Number of EMIGRANTS of ENGLISH ORIGIN 6
Increase in the Number of the Scotch and Irish in England, and also of Number of Persons born Abroad 6
EXCESS of registered BIRTHS over registered DEATHS 6
Rate of Increase of the Population if EMIGRANTS are added to the ascertained Numbers 6
INCREASE of the POPULATION during 60 YEARS of this CENTURY; DOUBLING of the Population of 1801 in 1852 6
Time it would take to double the POPULATION at the RATE of INCREASE prevailing during the LAST TEN YEARS 6

4. Males and Females.
Proportion of BOYS BORN in ENGLAND to GIRLS; NUMBER of MALES and FEMALES enumerated at the CENSUS 6
EXCESS of FEMALES over MALES, and the CAUSES OF IT 6-7

5. Houses and Public Institutions.
The Number of Persons living out of Houses 7
Number of Persons in each Class of Public Institutions 7
Definition of the Term "HOUSE" 7
SCOTLAND the ONLY COUNTRY in EUROPE in which the Definition of "House" has hitherto offered insuperable Difficulties 7-8
ALL DISTINCT BUILDINGS enumerated as HOUSES 8
NUMBER and INCREASE of INHABITED HOUSES 8
ANNUAL VALUE of HOUSES 8
NUMBER and PROPORTION of HOUSES BUILDING; illustrated by a Table 9
NUMBER and PROPORTION of UNINHABITED HOUSES 10
NUMBER of INHABITANTS to each House 10
CURIOUS FACTS exhibited by the Tables 32, 33, and 39 10

6. Families.
Constitution of a "FAMILY" 10
NUMBER of FAMILIES in 1861 and Proportions of PERSONS to FAMILIES 10
FAMILIES considered under THREE DIFFERENT CLASSES 11
NUMBER of CHILDREN at HOME in FAMILIES 11

The following Tables having reference to POPULATION, HOUSES, and FAMILIES
appear in the APPENDIX to the REPORT.

Table 1.— AREA in ACRES; HOUSES, FAMILIES, and POPULATION of the Counties of ENGLAND and WALES, enumerated on April 8th, 1861 79
Table 2.— AREA in ACRES; HOUSE?, FAMILIES, and POPULATION in DIVISIONS and REGISTRATION of UNION COUNTIES 80
Table 3.— NUMBERS of the ARMY, NAVY, and MERCHANT SEAMEN in 1801-1801, which should be added to the POPULATION of the UNITED KINGDOM, as enumerated at the several CENSUSES (exclusive of Natives of Colonies and Foreign Parts) 81
Table 4.— ARMY, NAVY, and MERCHANT SEAMEN ABSENT from the UNITED KINGDOM on April 8th, 1861 81
Table 5.— BRITISH-BORN SUBJECTS in FOREIGN COUNTRIES from which Returns have been received 81
Table 6.— ABSTRACT of RETURNS received through the FOREIGN OFFICE relating to NATIVES of the UNITED KINGDOM residing in FOREIGN COUNTRIES on or about 8th April 1861 82,83
Table 7.— DISTRIBUTION of the INHABITANTS in the UNITED STATES of AMERICA BORN SUBJECTS of GREAT BRITAIN, &c. (as returned by the Census Office, Department of the Interior, Washington) 84
Table 8.— SUMMARY, showing the BIRTH-PLACES of the BORN SUBJECTS of GREAT BRITAIN, &c., residing in the UNITED STATES 84
Table 9.— ENUMERATED POPULATION of the UNITED KINGDOM (including the ARMY, NAVY, and MERCHANT SEAMEN at HOME and ABROAD) at each of the Censuses 1801 to 1861, and NUMBER, of EMIGRANTS in the Intervals 84
Table 10.— ANNUAL RATE of INCREASE PER CENT, of the POPULATION of the UNITED KINGDOM (including the ARMY, NAVY, and MERCHANT SEAMEN at HOME and ABROAD) at each of the Censuses 1801 to 1861 84
Table 11.— POPULATION of ENGLAND and WALES in 1861, including the portion of the ARMY, NAVY, and MERCHANT SEAMEN belonging thereto, AND OUT OF THE COUNTRY at the time of the Census 85
Table 12.— AREA, and ENUMERATED POPULATION of ENGLAND AND WALES, SCOTLAND, IRELAND, and ISLANDS in the BRITISH SEAS (including the ARMY, NAVY, and MERCHANT SEAMEN at HOME and ABROAD) at each of the Censuses 1801 to 1861 85
Table 13.— ANNUAL RATE of INCREASE PER CENT, of the POPULATION of ENGLAND and WALES, SCOTLAND, IRELAND, and ISLANDS in the BRITISH SEAS (including the ARMY, NAVY, and MERCHANT SEAMEN at HOME and ABROAD), at each of the Censuses 1801 to 1861 80
Table 14.— POPULATION of ENGLAND and WALES (exclusive of ARMY, NAVY, and MERCHANT SERVICE ABROAD), and LOGARITHMS of the POPULATION, estimated to the MIDDLE of each of the Census Years 1801 to 1801 80
Table 15.— POPULATION of ENGLAND and WALES (exclusive of ARMY, NAVY, and MERCHANT SERVICE ABROAD), estimated to the MIDDLE of each of the Years 1801 to 1861 86
Table 16.— ENUMERATED POPULATION of the UNITED KINGDOM, exclusive of the ARMY, NAVY, and MERCHANT SEAMEN at HOME and ABROAD, in 1801, 1811, 1821, and 1831, and of the portion of the ARMY, NAVY, and MERCHANT SEAMEN ABROAD only in 1841, 1851, and 1861 87
Table 17.— UNITED KINGDOM; RATE of INCREASE PER CENT, of the POPULATION in each of the Decennial Periods 1821-31, 1831-41, 1841-51, and 1851-61; assuming that the Emigrants (exclusive of Foreigners) had remained in the Country, and had not increased 87
Table 18.— NUMBER of PERSONS enumerated in BARGES, BARNS, TEXTS, and VESSELS in ENGLAND and WALKS, at each of the Censuses 1841, 1851, and 1861 87
Table 19.— NUMBER of PERSONS enumerated in BARGES, BARNS, TENTS, and VESSELS in 1861 88
Table 20.— ENGLAND and WALES. Number of PERSONS in PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, 1851 and 1861 88
Table 21.— PROPORTION of MALES to every 100 FEMALES in ENGLAND and WALES, 1801 to 1861 88
Table 22.— NUMBER of MEN in the ARMY, NAVY, and MERCHANT SERVICE ABROAD; the EXCESS of FEMALES over MALES at HOME and ABROAD, and over MALES at HOME in ENGLAND and WALES, 1801 to 1861 88
Table 23.— AVERAGE NUMBER of PERSONS to a FAMILY, PERSONS to a HOUSE, and FAMILIES to a HOUSE, in ENGLAND and WALES, 1801 to 1861 88
Table 24.— INHABITED HOUSES, FAMILIES, and PERSONS enumerated in ENGLAND AND WALES at each of the Censuses 1801 to 1861 88
Table 25.— RATES of INCREASE of the POPULATION in DECENNIAL PERIODS, in DIVISIONS and REGISTRATION COUNTIES 89
Table 26.— AVERAGE NUMBER of PERSONS to a FAMILY, PERSONS to a HOUSE, and FAMILIES to a HOUSE, in ENGLAND and WALES in 1861, inclusive and exclusive of PERSONS in INSTITUTIONS, in VESSELS in PORTS, &c., and of PERSONS enumerated OUT of HOUSES 90
Table 27.— AVERAGE NUMBER of PERSONS to a FAMILY, PERSONS to a HOUSE, and FAMILIES to a HOUSE, in ENGLAND and WALES in 1851 and 1861 90
Table 28.— In 45,856 HOUSES, containing 258,157 PERSONS (in 14 of the SUB-DISTRICTS of ENGLAND and WALES), the PROPORTION PER CENT (1) of HOUSES containing (n ) PERSONS, and (2) the PROPORTION PER CENT, of PERSONS in. each GROUP 90
Table 29.— INCREASE of HOUSES in the Interval between the CENSUSES of 1851 and 1861; also the AVERAGE NUMBER of PERSONS to a HOUSE, and of INHABITED HOUSES to 100 PERSONS, in 1851 and 1801, in each of the COUNTIES of ENGLAND and WALES 91
Table 30.— ENGLAND and WALES. NUMBER of INHABITED HOUSES 1861, and the NUMBER and PROPORTION of HOUSES ASSESSED to HOUSE DUTY in the Year ending 5th April 1862 92
Table 31.— ANNUAL VALUE of HOUSES 92
Table 32.— TOTAL NUMBER of FAMILIES to a HOUSE in 14 SUB-DISTRICTS of ENGLAND and WALES in 1861 93
Table 33.— NUMBER of FAMILIES in the HOUSES (including PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS) enumerated in 14 SUB-DISTRICTS in ENGLAND and WALES 93
Table 34.— ANALYSIS of FAMILIES enumerated in 14 SUB-DISTRICTS:—HEAD OF FAMILY: HUSBAND WITH WIFE 94
Table 35.— ANALYSIS of FAMILIES enumerated in 14 SUB-DISTRICTS:—HEAD OF FAMILY: WIDOWER OR WIDOW 94
Table 36.— ANALYSIS of FAMILIES enumerated in 14 SUB-DISTRICTS:—HEAD OF FAMILY: BACHELOR OR SPINSTER 95
Table 37.— ANALYSIS of FAMILIES enumerated in 14 SUB-DISTRICTS:—HEAD OF FAMILY ABSENT 95
Table 38.— NUMBER of CHILDREN at HOME in the FAMILIES enumerated in 14 SUB-DISTRICTS in ENGLAND and WALES (exclusive of PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS). 90
Table 39.— NUMBER of PERSONS in the HOUSES in 14 Sub-Districts of ENGLAND and WALES, exclusive of PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS 97
Table 40.— Analysis of FAMILIES enumerated in 14 Sub-Districts 93
Table 41.— NUMBER of CHILDREN at HOME and of PERSONS in 41,526 NATURAL FAMILIES having as HEAD the HUSBAND and WIFE 99
Table 42.— NUMBER of CHILDREN at HOME and of PERSONS in 11,099 FAMILIES having as HEAD either a WIDOWER or a WIDOW 99

II.—TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION AND SUBDIVISIONS.

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1. Towns.
ASSOCIATION of the POPULATION in SMALL COMMUNITIES 11
Population of all PARISHES and PLACES distinguished 11
Difficulty of distinguishing SMALL GROWING TOWNS from VILLAGES and HAMLETS 11
DENSITY of POPULATION a distinguishing feature of TOWNS 11
POPULATION of 781 TOWNS, and also of the VILLAGES and COUNTRY PARISHES 11
The URBAN POPULATION preponderates in ENGLAND 11
AREA and DENSITY of POPULATION of 781 TOWNS and of the REST OP THE COUNTRY 11
Average SIZE, POPULATION, and DENSITY of TOWNS 11
Greater Ratio of INCREASE of POPULATION of TOWNS as compared with COUNTRY PARISHES 12
INCREASE of the 72 LARGEST TOWNS during the present Century 12
Increase of Population in LONDON compared with that of other large TOWNS and CITIES 12
Rate of Increase in Six GROUPS of TOWNS 12

2. Density and Proximity.
PERSONS to a SQUARE MILE and PROXIMITY of PERSON to PERSON on the Hypothesis of equal Distribution 12
DENSITY of POPULATION expressed in METRICAL MEASURES 12

3. Changes of Territorial Divisions.
Origin and Character of the various TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS, Ancient and Modern, described in the CENSUS REPORT of 1851. Description of the PRINCIPAL CHANGES during the last 10 YEARS 13
AREA and POPULATION under the METROPOLIS LOCAL MANAGEMENT ACT 13
LIMITS of the METROPOLIS included within the WEEKLY BILLS OF MORTALITY 13
The METROPOLITAN BOARD of WORKS 13
Principal Functions of DISTRICT BOARDS of WORKS 14
Division of METROPOLITAN PARISHES into WARDS 14
METROPOLITAN POLICE DISTRICT 14
EXTRA-PAROCHIAL PLACES ACT 14
Divisions under the ACT for the better Management of HIGHWAYS in ENGLAND 15
The Eleven TOWNS which have received CHARTERS of INCORPORATON since 1851 15
New PARLIAMENTARY DIVISIONS 15
TOWNS NOT being BOROUGHS; METHOD ADOPTED in ascertaining what PLACES were entitled to be deemed TOWNS, together with the BOUNDARIES applicable to them 15-16
Probable INCREASE in the Number of TOWNS before next CENSUS, under the LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT, 1858 16
ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICTS and New Parishes; DIFFICULTIES in defining their LIMITS, illustrated by Examples 16-17
LORD BLANDFORD'S ACT for the Creation of NEW PARISHES for ECCLESIASTICAL PURPOSES 17
SUB-DIVISIONS of LIEUTENANCY for MILITIA Purposes 17
NEW UNIONS and REGISTRATION DISTRICTS 17
Caution necessary in citing the POPULATION of PLACES owing to the same Name being often used
indiscriminately for the PARISH, the TOWNSHIP, the BOROUGH, and the DISTRICT 17-18

The following Tables having reference to TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTIONS and SUB-DIVISIONS
appear in the APPENDIX TO THE REPORT.

Table 43.— POPULATION of 781 Towns in ENGLAND and WALES 99
Table 44.— AGGREGATE NUMBER of TOWNS 99
Table 45.— AREA and POPULATION of 781 TOWNS and in the COUNTRY PARTS of the COUNTIES of ENGLAND and WALES 100-101
Table 46.— POPULATION of 72 TOWNS in ENGLAND and WALES, containing upwards of 20,000 Inhabitants in 1861, with the Population of previous Censuses within the same, or nearly the some Limits 102-103
Table 47.— ENUMERATED POPULATION of the 72 LARGE TOWNS in ENGLAND and WALES, 1801-1861 104
Table 48.— POPULATION of 580 TOWNS in ENGLAND and WALES 1851 and 1861 104
Table 49.— AREA and POPULATION of ENGLAND and WALES in 1861, distinguishing the AREA and POPULATION of the 781 TOWNS from those of the COUNTRY PARTS 104
Table 50.— DISTRIBUTION of the 781 TOWNS over ENGLAND and WALES 104
Table 51.— AREA and DENSITY of POPULATION of 781 TOWNS 105
Table 52.— POPULATION of Six CLASSES of TOWNS in ENGLAND and WALES 105
Table 53.— NUMBER of DIVISIONS, COUNTIES, DISTRICTS, SUB-DISTRICTS, PARISHES or PLACES, ENUMERATION DISTRICTS, HOUSES, POPULATION, and AREA in ACRES, in ENGLAND and WALES, and in each of the 11 DIVISIONS; and, To an Average Division the Number of Counties, Districts, Sub-districts, Parishes or Places, Enumeration Districts, Houses, Population, and Acres; also the Number of the several subsequent items to an average County, District, Sub-district, Parish or Place, Enumeration District, House, and Person, at the time of the Census, 1861 106
Table 54.— ENGLAND and WALES—ISLANDS—POPULATION of the MAINLAND and of the several ISLANDS that have Names around the Coast 106
Table 333.— AREAS of PARISHES and TOWNSHIPS in the Northern Counties of DURHAM, NORTHUMBERLAND, CUMBERLAND, and WESTMORLAND, (so far as they were ascertained by the Ordnance Survey Department on 1st July 1863), furnished to the Registrar General by Colonel Sir Henry James, R.E. 218-222
Table 334.— STATEMENT showing the NUMBER of INHABITED HOUSES and the POPULATION according to the CENSUS of 1801 in the several WARDS formed for the ELECTION of VESTRYMEN in METROPOLITAN PARISHES divided under the Metropolis Local Management Act (19 Vict. c. 120.) 223-224

III.— AGES OF THE POPULATION.

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A CENTURY the NATURAL LIMIT of HUMAN LIFE, Number of CENTENARIANS 18
COMPARATIVE NUMBER of MEN and WOMEN at different AGES in 1821 and 1861 18
NUMBER of PERSONS living in successive GENERATIONS of 20 Years 18-19
Evidence of the AGE of CENTENARIANS requires careful Scrutiny 19
The ENGLISH POPULATION and its Relations with Generations past, present, and to come. (See Table 63.) 19
ERROR of REASONING about ENGLAND as if its POPULATION and POWER were stationary 19
PROBABLE FUTURE NUMBER of PERSONS at different Ages 19

The following Tables having References to the AGES of the POPULATION
appear in the APPENDIX TO THE REPORT.

Table 55.— AGES of the POPULATION of ENGLAND and WALES.—NUMBERS living at the MIDDLE of the Years 1851 and 1861, ESTIMATED FROM THE RESULTS OF THE ENUMERATION (INCLUDING the ARMY, NAVY, and MERCHANT SEAMEN ABROAD as well as at HOME) 107
Table 56.— AGES of the POPULATION of ENGLAND AND WALES.—ESTIMATED NUMBERS living in ENGLAND and WALES (1) at each Year of Age and (2) at and above each Year of Age in the MIDDLE of the Year 1861, INCLUDING ARMY, NAVY, and MERCHANT SERVICE at HOME and ABROAD 108
Table 57.— AGES of the POPULATION of ENGLAND and WALES.—POPULATION in QUINQUENNIAL and DECENNIAL PERIODS of AGE, at the MIDDLE of the Years 1851 and 1861 (CORRECTED PROM THE GRADUATED TABLES), EXCLUSIVE of the portion of the Army, Navy, and Merchant Seamen Abroad 109
Table 58.— LOGARITHMS of the above POPULATION (CORRECTED FROM THE GRADUATED TABLES) EXCLUSIVE of the Portion of the Army, Navy, and Merchant Seamen Abroad 109
Table 59.— MEAN AGES of the POPULATION of ENGLAND and WALES, as enumerated in 1851 and 1861, and as they would be if the Annual Number of Births remained stationary 110
Table 60.— ESTIMATED AGES of the ARMY, NAVY, MARINES, and MERCHANT SEAMEN ABROAD in 1861 belonging to the UNITED KINGDOM, who were not included in the enumerated Population 110
Table 61.— SHOWING the UNCORRECTED and CORRECTED AGES of the FEMALE POPULATION of ENGLAND and WALES in 1861 111
Table 62.— DECENNIAL and ANNUAL RATES of INCREASE of POPULATION, 1851-1861, at VICENNIAL PERIODS of AGE (deduced from the Numbers estimated to the Middle of the Year, including ARMY, NAVY, and MERCHANT SEAMEN ABROAD and at HOME) 111
Table 63.— ESTIMATED POPULATION of ENGLAND and WALES BORN and LIVING at each successive VICENNIAL from 1721 to 1961 111
Table 64.— SHOWING the PROPORTION of the POPULATION of ENGLAND and WALES at FIVE PERIODS of LIFE to 100 Persons under the Age of 20. (The Army, Navy, and Merchant Seamen Abroad as well as at Home are included) 112
Table 65.— PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS of the POPULATION of ENGLAND and WALES living at FIVE AGES in 1861, as compared with the Proportional Numbers that would be living at the same Ages if the Number of Annual Births and the Rate of Mortality had remained invariable 112
Table 66.— PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS of PERSONS living at FIVE PERIODS of AGE in ENGLAND and WAXES, 1861, to 100 Persons of all Ages 112
Table 67.— POPULATION of ENGLAND and WALES at VICENNIAL PERIODS of Age, compared with the Number of Persons living on the Assumption that the Annual Births had remained as in 1751 and the Rate of Mortality had been uniform in the Years 1751-1861 112
Table 68.— PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS of MALES and FEMALES living at different Periods of Age 113
Table 69.— PROPORTIONAL NUMBER of FEMALES to 100 MALES at DIFFERENT PERIODS of AGE 114
Table 70.— NUMBER of MALES and FEMALES enumerated at DIFFERENT AGES in ENGLAND and WALES in 1861, and the EXCESS of EITHER SEX at EACH AGE. (See also Tables 21 and 22.) 115
Table 71.— PROPORTIONAL NUMBER of MALES and FEMALES living contemporaneously (if there were no Emigration) at the SEVERAL AGES according to the ENGLISH LIFE TABLE No. 3., and the EXCESS of EITHER SEX at the same AGES 115

IV.—CONJUGAL CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE.

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1. Husbands and Wives.
Number of HUSBANDS and WIVES enumerated in 1851 and in 1861 19
Increase in the Ten Years of Husband and Wives 20
ENGLISHMEN of the present Day not less disposed to CONTRACT MARRIAGE than their ANCESTORS 20
The Arrangements for sending out WOMEN as EMIGRANTS are defective 20
AVERAGE AGE of the HUSBANDS and WIVES in ENGLAND and the Numbers living at DIFFERENT AGES, with Tabular Statement 20

2. Widowers and Widows.
Number of WIDOWERS and WIDOWS and their respective Proportions at different Ages 20

3. Bachelors and Spinsters.
Decrease in the Proportion of BACHELORS and SPINSTERS between the Ages 20 and 40, and Increase in the Proportions of HUSBANDS and WIVES at those Ages 21
Number of BACHELORS and SPINSTERS of the Ages 20-40 21
The Reserve of SPINSTERS and BACHELORS a Guarantee against the Depopulation of ENGLAND 21
Variation in the Proportional Number of MARRIED PERSONS 21
Numbers of BACHELORS and SPINSTERS at DIFFERENT AGES 21

4. Women living in Celibacy, and others.
Number of CHIDREN BORN IN and OUT OF Wedlock in the 10 Years 1851-60 21
Number of CHILDREN of UNMARRIED WOMEN registered annually 21
Proportion of MARRIED and CHILD-BEARING WOMEN to those living in a state of CELIBACY 21
Proportion of MARRIED and UNMARRIED WOMEN bearing Children 21

The following Tables having reference to the CONJUGAL (OR CIVIL) CONDITION of the PEOPLE
appear in the APPENDIX TO THE REPORT.

Table 72.— ENGLAND AND WALES. AGES of HUSBANDS and WIVES in VICENNIAL PERIODS 115
Table 73.— ENGLAND AND WALES. AGES of HUSBANDS and WIVES in DECENNIAL PERIODS 115
Table 74.— PROPORTION of EACH SEX who are SINGLE, MARRIED, and WIDOWED, to 100 MEN and 100 WOMEN of the AGE of 20 YEARS and UPWARDS in ENGLAND and WALES 115
Table 75.— PROPORTION of SPINSTERS, WIVES, and WIDOWS aged 20 Years and under 40 to every 100 WOMEN living at the same AGE in ENGLAND and WALES 117
Table 76.— PROPORTION of UNMARRIED, MARRIED, and WIDOWED PERSONS of each SEX to every 1,000 MALES and 1,000 FEMALES of ALL CONDITIONS living at 14 Periods of Age in each of the REGISTRATION DIVISIONS of ENGLAND and WALES in 1861 119
Table 77.— PROPORTION of UNMARRIED, MARRIED, and WIDOWED PERSONS of EACH SEX to every 100 Males and 100 Females of ALL CONDITIONS, living, at different Periods of Age, in ENGLAND and WALES, at each of the CENSUSES 1851 and 1861 120
Table 78.— NUMBERS and PROPORTIONS per Cent, at different AGE of HUSBANDS whose WIVES were ABSENT, and of Wives whose HUSBANDS were ABSENT, on the Night of 7th April 1861, in ENGLAND and WALES 120
Table 79.— RATE of INCREASE per Cent of MARRIED WOMEN, (1) aged 15-55, (2) 20-40, and (3) of ALL AGES and CONDITIONS, in the REGISTRATION DIVISIONS of ENGLAND and WALES in the 10 Years 1851-61 120
Table 80.— NUMBER of SPINSTERS and WIDOWS, and MARRIED WOMEN aged 15 and under 55, and 20 and under 40, enumerated at the CENSUSES of 1851 and 1861, and the NUMBER of LEGITIMATE and ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS REGISTERED in the 10 Years 1851-60 in the REGISTRATION DIVISIONS and COUNTIES of ENGLAND and WALES 121
Table 81.— AVERAGE ANNUAL NUMBER of LEGITIMATE BIRTHS to every 100 MARRIED WOMEN, add of ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS to every 100 SPINSTERS and WIDOWS, at the Ages 15 and under 55, and 20 and under 40, in the REGISTRATION DIVISIONS and COUNTIES of ENGLAND and WALES in the 10 Years 1851-61 122

V.— INCREASE OF THE POPULATION SINCE 1651.

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ESTIMATED POPULATION of ENGLAND and WALES since 1651 22
ESTIMATED DECENNIAL INCREASE of POPULATION since 1701, together with the Baptisms and Burials (with tabular statements) 22

VI.—LAWS REGULATING THE GROWTH OF NATIONS.

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1. Law of Population.
LAW governing the INCREASE or DECREASE of POPULATION in a CIVILIZED COUNTRY 23
Population dependent on the DURATION of LIFE, on the AGE of PARENTS when Children are born, on MARRIAGES and the FERTILITY of MARRIAGES, on MIGRATION, and on SUBSISTENCE and EPIDEMICS 23-24

2. Principle of Population.
Criticism of the policy of progress in ENGLAND by MALTHUS 24
Conflicting Paradoxes 24
Theory, Reasonings, and Doctrine of MALTHUS 24-25
Analytical work of SIR JAMES STEUART 25
Analysis of SUBSISTENCE 25
Real limits of the Population 25
FALLACY of the assumption that the POPULATION is redundant 25
The IDLE, UNSKILFUL, and CRIMINAL CLASSES only redundant 26
INCREASE of the POPULATION by geometrical, and of the means of SUBSISTENCE by arithmetical Progression 26
POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES of adopting the THEORY of MALTHUS and HAPPIER RESULTS of the POLICY ACTUALLY PURSUED 26-27

VII.—OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE.

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1. Previous Classifications.
CLASSIFICATIONS employed by Mr. RICKMAN and by the CENSUS COMMISSIONERS of 1841 27
Introduction of a NEW METHOD of ANALYSIS in 1851 27

2. Abstracts of the Occupations of the People in 1861.
EXTENSION and IMPROVED NATURE of the inquiry into the OCCUPATIONS of the PEOPLE 27
NOMENCLATURE 27
CLASSIFICATION of the OCCUPATIONS and AGES of the PEOPLE 27-28
Distribution of Occupations over the Country 28

3. Distribution of the People in various Occupations over the Country.
Simple nature of the OCCUPATIONS in the EARLY STAGES of SOCIETY and more complicated organization of the PEOPLE in the PRESENT DAY 28
Pictorial Illustrations of the DISTRIBUTION of OCCUPATION 28
Diffusion of Occupations 28-29

4. Masters in Trades and Men in their Employ.
Desirability of distinguishing MASTERS from MEN, and method adopted for obtaining the information 29
Difficulty of obtaining a perfectly accurate return 29

5. Farmers and Labourers, and the Size of Farms.
Farmers and Persons who actually occupy Land 29
Abstract deferred until England has the Advantage of a System of AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS 29

6. On Nomenclature, and on the Classification of the People.
ORGANIZATION of LABOUR considered in reference to the OCCUPATIONS 29
THE NEW CLASSIFICATION 29-30
Mode of returning DOUBLE OCCUPATIONS 30
Desirability of a FURTHER INQUIRY into the INDUSTRY of the COUNTRY in all its Ramifications 30
Alphabetical Arrangement of Occupations 30

7. The New Classification of the People in their several Occupations.
(see pages 225-248).
Characteristics of Occupations 30
The POPULATION arranged in Six CLASSES, sub-divided into EIGHT ORDERS 30

CLASS I.—(PROFESSIONAL.)
Number of MALES and FEMALES in the 1st (or PROFESSIONAL CLASS) 31
Number of Persons in the 1st ORDER (OFFICERS of NATIONAL, LOCAL, and COLONIAL GOVERNMENT) 31
NUMBER and AGES of PERSONS in the 2d ORDER (The ARMY and NAVY) 31
Persons comprised in the 3d ORDER (The CLERICAL, LEGAL, MEDICAL, LITERARY, and SCIENTIFIC
PROFESSIONS, with their Subordinates) 31.32

CLASS II.—(DOMESTIC.)
The Number of PERSONS under the several Headings of the CLASS, comprising those engaged in the DOMESTIC OFFICES or Duties of WIVES, MOTHERS, MISTRESSES of FAMILIES, CHILDREN, and RELATIVES (not otherwise returned) 33-34
Number of SCHOLARS, Male and Female, at DIFFERENT AGES in 1851 and 1861 33-34
INCREASE of SCHOLARS in 1861 33-34
Tabular Statement of the NUMBER and RATE of INCREASE of DOMESTIC SERVANTS 1831-61 34

CLASS III.—(COMMERCIAL.)
The Number of Persons under different OCCUPATIONS of the CLASS, comprising those who BUY, SELL, KEEP, or LEND Money, Houses, or Goods of VARIOUS KINDS 34-35

CLASS IV.—(AGRICULTURAL.)
The NUMBER of PERSONS in the CLASS, comprising those possessing or working the LAND, and engaged in growing GRAIN, FRUITS, GRASSES, ANIMALS, and OTHER PRODUCTS. TABULAR COMPARISON of these Occupations in 1851 and 1861 35-36

CLASS V.—(INDUSTRIAL.)
The NUMBER of PERSONS in the several OCCUPATIONS of the CLASS, comprising those working and dealing in TEXTILE FABRICS and DRESS, in FOOD and DRINKS, in ANIMAL and VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES, and in MINERALS 36-39

CLASS VI.—(INDEFINITE AND NON-PRODUCTIVE.)
NUMBER of PERSONS in the CLASS, comprising LABOURERS and OTHERS (Branch undefined), Persons of RANK and PROPERTY (not otherwise returned), and Persons SUPPORTED BY THE COMMUNITY and of NO SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONS 39

EXPOSITION by DR. FARR of the NEW CLASSIFICATION of the PEOPLE according to their EMPLOYMENTS

(APPENDIX TO THE REPORT.)
Difficulty of reducing the EMPLOYMENTS of the PEOPLE to a SCIENTIFIC ORDER 225
PRODUCTS. PRODUCERS and NON-PRODUCERS. PROCESSES 225-226

ANALYSIS of PRODUCTS on which the CLASSIFICATION is based.
MINERAL PRODUCTS and PROCESSES 226
PRODUCTS of the VEGETABLE KINGDOM 227
PRODUCTS of the ANIMAL KINGDOM 227
INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTS 228-229
THE PUBLIC SAFETY (MILITARY and POLICE) and Government excluding Anarchy, are PRODUCTS 229-230
NAMING of PRODUCERS 230-231
DESCRIPTION of each of the CLASSES and ORDERS of the NEW CLASSIFICATION 231-232
PROPOSED INQUIRY into the OCCUPATIONS of the PEOPLE, in a letter to the REGISTRAR GENERAL 233
Heads of the Inquiry,—AGENTS, MATERIALS, PROCESSES, PRODUCTS, MASTERS AND MEN, WAGES 233-234
EXAMPLES in detail, under the several HEADS of INQUIRY, relating to—  
           SOUTH STAFFORDSHIRE, Coal Mining 235-240
           MINES in CORNWALL 241-242
           CIRCULAR LETTER from the GENERAL REGISTER OFFICE, relating to a SANITARY
           INQUIRY CONNECTED WITH OCCUPATIONS. Schedule of Queries		 242
           The MEDICAL PROFESSION (Draft Report by Dr. Farr), with Tabular Statements 243-248

The following Tables having reference to the OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE
appear in the APPENDIX

Table 82.— NUMBER of PERSONS aged 20 YEARS and UPWARDS in EACH of the Six CLASSES of OCCUPATIONS, and the PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS PER CENT. DIVISIONS AND REGISTRATION COUNTIES 123
Table 83.— NUMBER OF PERSONS aged 20 YEARS and UPWARDS in EACH of the Six CLASSES of OCCUPATIONS, and the PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS PER CENT. SUPERINTENDENT REGISTRAR'S DISTRICTS or POOR LAW UNIONS 124-132
Table 84.— PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS in ENGLAND and WALES in 1861, and NUMBER of PERSONS engaged in them, arranged in the order of the Numbers 132
Table 85.— PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS in ENGLAND AND WALES in which MALES of 20 and under 40 YEARS of AGE are engaged, and from which a MILITIA or MILITARY FORCE must draw its Recruits 132
Table 86.— DISTRIBUTION of SOME of the PRINCIPAL LOCAL OCCUPATIONS in 1861 133-138
Table 87.— FARMERS, with the NUMBER of LABOURERS employed, and of ACRES occupied, as returned at the Census of 1861 in the following REGISTRATION COUNTIES:—BUCKINGHAM, CAMBRIDGE, CHESTER, CUMBERLAND, LINCOLN, NORFOLK, SALOP, SUSSEX, WILTS, and the NORTH RIDING of YORK 139
Table 88.— FARMERS, with the NUMBER of LABOURERS employed, and of ACRES occupied, as returned at the CENSUS of 1851 in the following REGISTRATION COUNTIES:—BUCKINGHAM, CAMBRIDGE, CHESTER, CUMBERLAND, LINCOLN, NORFOLK, SALOP, SUSSEX, WILTS, and the NORTH RIDING of YORK 139
Table 89.— FARMERS, with the NUMBER of LABOURERS employed, and of ACRES occupied, 1861,—BUCKINGHAMSHIRE 140
Table 90.— FARMERS, with the NUMBER of LABOURERS employed, and of ACRES occupied, 1861,—CAMBRIDGESHIRE 140
Table 91.— FARMERS, with the NUMBER of LABOURERS employed, and of ACRES occupied, 1861,—CHESHIRE 140
Table 92.— FARMERS, with the NUMBER of LABOURERS employed, and of ACRES occupied, 1861,—CUMBERLAND 141
Table 93.— FARMERS, with the NUMBER of LABOURERS employed, and of ACRES occupied, 1861,—LINCOLNSHIRE 141
Table 94.— FARMERS, with the NUMBER of LABOURERS employed, and of ACRES occupied, 1861,—NORFOLK 141
Table 95.— FARMERS, with the NUMBER of LABOURERS employed, and of ACRES occupied, 1861,—SHROPSHIRE 142
Table 96.— FARMERS, with the NUMBER of LABOURERS employed, and of ACRES occupied, 1861,—SUSSEX 142
Table 97.— FARMERS, with the NUMBER of LABOURERS employed, and of ACRES occupied, 1861,—WILTSHIRE 142
Table 98.— FARMERS, with the NUMBER of LABOURERS employed, and of ACRES occupied, 1861,—NORTH RIDING OF YORK 143
Table 99.— OCCUPIERS of LAND engaged in other PURSUITS besides FARMING in the following REGISTRATION COUNTIES:—BUCKINGHAM, CAMBRIDGE, CHESTER, CUMBERLAND, LINCOLN, NORFOLK, SALOP, SUSSEX, WILTS, and the NORTH RIDING of YORK 143
Table 100.— NUMBERS and PROPORTIONS of FARM HOLDINGS of various Sizes in the REGISTRATION COUNTIES of BUCKINGHAM, CAMBRIDGE, CHESTER, CUMBERLAND, LINCOLN, NORFOLK, SALOP, SUSSEX, WILTS, and in the NORTH RIDING of YORK, as returned at the Censuses of 1851 and 1861 144
Table 101.— NUMBER of FARM HOLDINGS under 100 ACRES returned at the CENSUSES of 1851 and 1861 in the REGISTRATION COUNTIES of BUCKINGHAM, CAMBRIDGE, CHESTER, CUMBERLAND, LINCOLN, NORFOLK, SALOP, SUSSEX, WILTS, and in the NORTH RIDING of YORK 144
Table 102.— NUMBER of BOYS and GIRLS enumerated in ENGLAND and WALES of DIFFERENT AGES at the CENSUSES of 1851 and 1861, distinguishing (1) Scholars; (2) BOYS and GIRLS at HOME, and others of no STATED OCCUPATION; and (3) those ENGAGED in OCCUPATIONS 145
Table 103.— To every 100 BOYS and 100 GIRLS enumerated in ENGLAND and WALES of DIFFERENT AGES at the CENSUSES of 1851 and 1861, the PROPORTIONAL NUMBER of (1) SCHOLARS; (2) of BOYS and GIRLS at HOME, and others of NO STATED OCCUPATION; and (3) of those ENGAGED in OCCUPATIONS 145

TABLES RELATING TO THE ARMY, NAVY, AND MERCHANT SEAMEN afloat
belonging to the UNITED KINGDOM.
Table 104.— NUMBER and DISTRIBUTION of the BRITISH ARMY (exclusive of the Troops of the late East India Company) on 8th April 1861 146
Table 105.— AGES of OFFICERS and MEN serving in the BRITISH ARMY at HOME and ABROAD on 8th April 1861 146
Table 106.— CIVIL CONDITION of OFFICERS and MEN serving in the BRITISH ARMY on 8th April 1861 146
Table 107.— COUNTRY of BIRTH of EFFECTIVES serving at HOME and ABROAD, distinguishing OFFICERS and MEN, on 8th April 1861 147
Table 108.— ROYAL TROOPS serving in INDIA (exclusive of Depots). AGES and CIVIL CONDITIONS of OFFICERS and MEN on 8th April 1861 147
Table 109.— ROYAL TROOPS in INDIA. NUMBER and AGES of WIVES and CHILDREN of OFFICERS and MEN on 8th April 1861 147
Table 110.— NUMBERS and DISTRIBUTION of OFFICERS and MEN belonging to HER MAJESTY'S SHIPS at HOME and ABROAD on 8th April 1861, according to the RETURNS received through the ADMIRALTY 148
Table 111.— AGES of OFFICERS and MEN serving on BOARD HER MAJESTY'S SHIPS on 8th April 1861 148
Table 112.— CIVIL CONDITION of OFFICERS and MEN serving on BOARD HER MAJESTY'S SHIPS on 8th April 1861 148
Table 113.— COUNTRY of BIRTH of OFFICERS and MEN serving on BOARD HER MAJESTY'S SHIPS on 8th April 1861 148
Table 114.— NUMBER of OFFICERS and MEN serving in the ROYAL MARINES on 8th April 1861 149
Table 115.— AGES of OFFICERS and MEN serving in the ROYAL MARINES on 8th April 1861 149
Table 116.— CIVIL CONDITION of OFFICERS and MEN serving in the ROYAL MARINES on 8th April 1861 149
Table 117.— COUNTRY of BIRTH of OFFICERS and MEN serving in the ROYAL MARINES on 8th. April 1861 149
Table 118.— NUMBER of MARINERS (including MASTERS, MATES, APPRENTICES, and BOYS) employed in BRITISH MERCHANT VESSELS and AFLOAT on 8th April 1861. (Exclusive of Mariners who were dwelling on Shore or were absent from their Ships on 8th April 1861) 150
Table 119.— AGES of MARINERS (including MASTERS, MATES, APPRENTICES, and BOYS) employed in BRITISH MERCHANT VESSELS and AFLOAT on 8th April 1861 150
Table 120.— COUNTRY of BIRTH of MARINERS (including MASTERS, MATES, APPRENTICES, and BOYS) employed in BRITISH MERCHANT VESSELS and AFLOAT on 8th April 1861 151
Table 121.— CIVIL CONDITION of MARINERS employed and AFLOAT in BRITISH MERCHANT VESSELS in PORT in the United Kingdom on 8th April 1861, or which ARRIVED in PORT between that Day and 1st May 1861 151
Table 122.— SHOWING the NUMBER of EFFECTIVES belonging to the ARMY and NAVY of the BRITISH EMPIRE, exclusive of the late EAST INDIA COMPANY'S EUROPEAN TROOPS 152
Table 132.— PROPORTION per Cent, of FOREIGNERS (being NATIVES of EUROPE) in EACH CLASS of OCCUPATIONS enumerated in ENGLAND and WALES, 1861 162

VIII.—MIGRATION OF THE PEOPLE AT HOME (BIRTHPLACES).

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Of the POPULATION at Home, the Number who were born out of ENGLAND and WALES, distinguishing those BRITISH SUBJECTS who were born at SEA, or ABROAD, IN the EAST INDIES or BRITISH COLONIES, in the ISLANDS IN THE BRITISH SEAS, in SCOTLAND, and in IRELAND 39
Subjects of FOREIGN STATES living in ENGLAND and WALES, distinguishing those belonging to AMERICA, AFRICA, ASIA, and EUROPE, and showing also their principal OCCUPATIONS, as well as where they are chiefly located 39-40
BIRTHPLACES of the INHABITANTS of ENGLAND and WALES, with Tabular Statement 40
BIRTHPLACES of the INHABITANTS of LONDON 40
Tendency to migrate to LONDON 40-41
Distribution of NATIVES of LONDON over other COUNTIES 41
LANCASHIRE and CHESHIRE important Centres of Attraction 41
Limited Number of the SOUTH SAXON POPULATION who migrate to the NORTH 41
Distribution of the NATIVES of each COUNTY over every ENGLISH COUNTY and WALES 41-42

The following Tables having reference to the MIGRATION OF THE PEOPLE AT HOME (BIRTHPLACES)
appear in the APPENDIX TO THE REPORT.

Table 123.— BIRTHPLACES of the INHABITANTS of the CIVIL COUNTIES of ENGLAND and WALES 153-155
Table 124.— To every 10,000 INHABITANTS in EACH (CIVIl) COUNTY, the NUMBERS BORN in that and in the OTHER (CIVIL) COUNTIES of ENGLAND and WALES 156-157
Table 125.— DISTRIBUTION OF THE PEOPLE BORN in EACH COUNTY of ENGLAND over ENGLAND and WALES, SHOWING OUT OF 10,000) BORN in EACH CIVIL COUNTY, and LIVING in ENGLAND, the PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS RESIDENT in EACH CIVIL COUNTY at the Time of the CENSUS 153-159
Table 125.— COMPARATIVE POPULATION and NUMBER of NATIVES of ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, IRELAND, the COLONIES, and FOREIGN PARTS, enumerated in the PRINCIPAL TOWNS of ENGLAND and WALES, 1851, 1861 160
Table 127.— Of the 2,061,093 PERSONS living in ENGLAND and WALES BORN in LONDON, the NUMBERS living in LONDON and in the Groups of COUNTIES 161
Table 128.— BIRTHPLACES of the INHABITANTS of LONDON 161
Table 129.— BIRTHPLACES of the INHABITANTS of the NORTH-WESTERN COUNTIES 161
Table 120.— DISTRIBUTION of the NATIVES of SCOTLAND and IRELAND over the several GROUPS of the CIVIL COUNTIES of ENGLAND and WALES 162
Table 131.— Showing (1) the PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS in each COUNTY, out of every 100 PERSONS in ENGLAND and WALES BORN in the same COUNTY; and (2) the PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS born in each COUNTY, out of every 100 RESIDING in the same COUNTY 162
Table 132.— PROPORTION per Cent, of FOREIGNERS (being NATIVES of EUROPE) in EACH CLASS of OCCUPATIONS enumerated in ENGLAND and WALES, 1861 162
Table 133.— PROPORTIONS per Cent of FOREIGNERS born in the COUNTRIES of EUROPE, in ASIA, in AFRICA and in AMERICA, &c., enumerated in each REGISTRATION DIVISION of ENGLAND and WALES 163

IX.—THE BLIND AND THE DEAF-AND-DUMB.

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1. The Blind.
Important Service rendered by STATISTICS of the BLIND 42
Mode of obtaining the Information 42
NUMBER and PROPORTION of the BLIND in each Division of the UNITED KINGDOM in 1861 42-43
BLINDNESS more prevalent in IRELAND than in other parts of the UNITED KINGDOM 43
NUMBER and RATIO of the BLIND in VARIOUS COUNTRIES, with Tabular Statement 43-44
DISTRIBUTION of the BLIND in ENGLAND 44
NUMBER and PROPORTION of the BLIND in LARGE TOWNS, with Tabular Statement 44
NUMBER and PROPORTION of the BLIND of EACH SEX in ENGLAND and WALES, SCOTLAND, and IRELAND 45
AGES of the BUND in ENGLAND, with Tabular Statements 45-46
Previous or present OCCUPATIONS of the BLIND 46
OCCUPATIONS of those who have been BLIND FROM BIRTH 46-47
Interest attaching to an Inquiry as to the CAUSES of BLINDNESS in ENGLAND 47
Vague use of the term "Born Blind" 47
NUMBER and PORPORTION of the BLIND and the BORN BLIND in Registration Divisions of ENGLAND, with Tabular Statement 47
SMALL-POX and PURULENT OPHTHALMIA prolific causes of BLINDNESS 48
SPECIAL INQUIRY through the Clergy respecting the BLIND in HEREFORDSHIRE 48
ORIGIN of and AGE at which BLINDNESS occurred 49
NUMBER of the BLIND INSTRUCTED, and their MEANS OF SUPPORT, with Tabular Statement 49-50
INSTITUTIONS and CHARITIES for the BLIND 50
PROVISIONS of recent STATUTE (25 & 26 Vict. c. 43.) authorizing Guardians to send Poor Blind and Deaf-and-Dumb Children to special Schools 50
Table showing the LOCALITY, DATE of FOUNDATION, and Amount of Accommodation of the PRINCIPAL INSTITUTIONS for the INSTRUCTION of the BLIND in England and Wales 52-53
EDUCATION of the BLIND 54
PERSONS who are BLIND as well as DEAF-AND-DUMB, with tabular statement 54
Usefulness of SPECIAL HOSPITALS for diseases of the Eye 55

2. The Deaf-and-Dumb.
Method of obtaining information in respect to the DEATH AND DUMB 55
NUMBER, PROPORTION, and INCREASE of the DEAF-AND-DUMB in ENGLAND AND WALES in 1851 and 1861 55
NUMBER and PROPORTION of DEAF-MUTES in Scotland and in Ireland 55
Aggregate Returns for the UNITED KINGDOM and Companies with the Returns of other Countries 55-56
Distribution of the DEAF-AND-DUMB in England 56
Difficulty of ascertaining the number of CONGENITAL COMES of 56
CAUSES of CONGENITAL MUTISM 57
CAUSES of ACQUIRED MUTISM 57-58
AGES of MALE AND FEMALE MUTES, with tabular statement 58
OCCUPATIONS of the DEAF-AND-DUMB 59
INSTITUTIONS for the Education of the DEAF AND DUMB 59-60
Necessity of SPECIAL INSTRUCTION 60
Table showing the NUMBER, LOCALITY, DATE of FOUNDATION, AND AMOUNTS of ACCOMMODATION OF the INSTITUTIONS for the INSTRUCTION of the DEATH AND DUMB IN ENGLAND 60-61
Nature of the INSTRUCTION afforded to DEAF-AND-DUMB CHILDERN;
Number of the DEAF-AND-DUMB UNDER INSTRUCTION 62
Special Inquiry as to the DEAF-AND-DUMB in HEREFORDSHIRE the number and Age of Males and Females 63
Assigned CAUSES of CONGENITAL DEAFNESS 63-64
EDUCATION, and OCCUPATIONS of the DEAF-AND-DUMB in HEREFORDSHIRE with tabular statements 64-65

The following Tables having reference to the BLIND and the DEAF-AND-DUMB
appear in the APPENDIX TO THE REPORT.

Table 134.— NUMBER and DISTRIBUTION of PERSONS RETURNED as "BLIND" or "BLIND FROM BIRTH." and PROPORTION of BLIND to POPULATION in ENGLAND and WALES, in 1861 164
Table 135.— NUMBER and DISTRIBUTION of PERSONS returned as "BLIND FROM BIRTH." and PROPORTION of BLIND FROM BIRTH to TOTAL, BLIND in ENGLAND and WALES, in 1861. (Including foregoing Table.) 165
Table 136.— NUMBER and DISTRIBUTION of PERSONS RETURNED as "DEAF AND DUMB", AND PROPORTIONS OF DEAF-AND-DUMB to POPULATION in ENGLAND and WALES, in 1861 166
Table 137.— PROPORTION of the BLIND, DEAF-AND-DUMB, PAUPERS in WORKHOUSES, PRISONERS, LUNATICS in ASYLUMS, and PATIENTS in HOSPITALS, to the MALE: and FEMALE POPULATIONS in ENGLAND and WALES, 1861 167

X.—PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS: —INMATES OF WORKHOUSES, PRISONS, LUNATIC ASYLUMS, AND HOSPITALS.

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1. Inmates of Workhouses.
Right of all poor and destitute persons to Food, Shelter, and Medical Attendance 65
COST of the system of Relief in England and Wales 65-66
Number of Persons in the receipt of relief 66
DISTRIBUTION, AGES, and OCCUPATIONS of PAUPERS 66-67

2. Prisoners.
Changes in the Law and Practice relating to Criminals 67
NUMBER, PROPORTION, AGES, and OCCUPATIONS of PRISONERS 67-68

3. Inmates of Lunatic Asylums.
Judicious treatment of the Insane 68
Number of the INSANE in ASYLUMS and their proportions to the Proportions to in 1851 and 1861, with tabular statement 68-69
Causes of the increased number of PAUPER LUNATICS 68-69
AGES of Male and Female Patients in LUNATIC ASYLUMS 69
Former OCCUPATIONS of the INSANE 69

4. Patients in Hospitals.
Various kinds of HOSPITALS 70
PROPORTION to Population and AGES of the Sick HOSPITALS 70
Tendency of indiscriminate Medical Relief in Hospitals to encourage improvident habits in Workmen 71
OCCUPATIONS of the Male and Female Patients in HOSPITALS 71
The labours of Miss NIGHTINGALE have created a new era in HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT 71

The following Table having reference to INMATES of WORKHOUSES, PRISONS, LUNATIC ASYLUMS, and HOSPITALS
appears in the APPENDIX to the REPORT.

Table 137.— PROPORTION of the BLIND, DEAF AND DUMB, PAUPERS in WORKHOUSES, PRISONERS, LUNATICS in ASYLUMS and PATIENTS in hospitals to the MALE and FEMALE POPULATION in ENGLAND and WALES, 1861 167

XI.—ISLANDS IN THE BRITISH SEAS.

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Population of the ISLE of MAN in 1851 and 1861 71
Population of JERSEY in 1851 and 1861, its Decrease accounted for 71
Population of GUERNSEY and of ALDERNEY and ADJACENT ISLANDS 71
INHABITED HOUSES and Number of Persons to a House 71
Great excess in the FEMALE POPULATION 71

The following Tables having reference to the ISLANDS IN THE BRITISH SEAS
appear in the APPENDIX TO THE REPORT.

Table 138.— AVERAGE NUMBER of PERSONS to a FAMILY, PERSONS to a HOUSE, and FAMILIES to a HOUSE 168
Table 139.— INCREASE of HOUSES in the INTERVAL between the CENSUSES of 1851 and 1861, and AVERAGE NUMBER Of INHABITED HOUSES to 100 PERSONS in 1851 and 1861 168
Table 140.— PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS of MALES and FEMALES living at DIFFERENT PERIODS of AGE 168
Table 141.— PROPORTIONAL. NUMBER of FEMALES to 100 MALES at DIFFERENT PERIODS of ACE 168
Table 142.— PROPORTIONAL of each Sex who are SINGLE, MARRIED, and WIDOWED, to 100 MEN and 100 WOMEN of the AGE of 20 YEARs and UPWARDS 168
Table 143.— PROPORTIONAL of UNMARRIED, MARRIED, and WIDOWED PERSONS of EACH SEX to 1,000 MALES and 1,000 FEMALES of ALL, CONDITIONS living at 14 PERIODS of AGE 169
Table 144.— BLIND and BLIND FROM BIRTH 159
Table 145.— BLIND FROM BIRTH. (Included in the foregoing numbers) 169
Table 146.— DEAF-AND-DUMB 169

XII.—AREA AND POPULATION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

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DESIRABILITY OF ENUMERATING THE POPULATION OF THE QUEEN'S DOMINIONS SIMULTANEOUSLY 72
POPULATION and AREA of the UNITED KINGDOM, the BRITISH COLONIES and POSSESSIONS, and of BRITISH INDIA, with tabular statement 70

CONCLUSION.

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Acknowledgement the Services rendered by COLONEL SIR HENRY JAMES, R.E., and LIEUT. COLONEL G.A. LEACH Assistant Tithe Commissioner, in supplying valuable information 72
Satisfactory discharge of their Duties by the SUPERINTENDENT REGISTRARS and REGISTRARS of of Births and Deaths 73
Expense of all the operations, in the COUNTRY and in the CENTRAL OFFICE 73
Efficient Services of the CLERKS appointed to the CENSUS OFFICE by the LORDS OF THE TREASURY 73
Acknowledgement of the Assistance rendered by the OFFICERS and CLERKS of the GENERAL REGISTER OFFICE who were engaged on the CENSUS 73
ENUMERATED POPULATION of the UNITED KINGDOM, April 8th, 1861 (exclusive of the part of the Army and Navy and Merchant Seamen out of the Country) 74
The Form of HOUSEHOLDERS SCHEDULE and INSTRUCTIONS made use of at CENSUS 1861 75-76

The following Tables having reference to the BRITISH COLONIES AND POSSESSIONS,
appear in the APPENDIX TO THE REPORT.

Table 147.— ABSTRACT of the CENSUS RETURNS BRITISH COLONIES and POSSESSIONS for the Year 1861 for latest Date) 170

EUROPEAN POSSESSIONS.
Table 148.— 1. HELIGOLAND.— AREA and POPULATION according to the latest Return in 1860 171
Table 149.— 2. GIBRALTAR.— AREA and POPULATION in June 1860 171
Table 150.— 3. MALTA.— AREA and POPULATION in the Year 1860 171
Table 151.— 4. IONIAN ISLANDS.— AREA and POPULATION of the several ISLANDS in the Year 1860 171

NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES.
Table 152.— 5. CANADA.— AREA and POPULATION according to the Census of 1861 172
Table 153.—             " COUNTRY of BIRTH of the POPULATION of UPPER and LOWER CANADA, 1861 172
Table 154.—             " TOTAL POPULATION of each RELIGIOUS DENOMINATION in UPPER and LOWER CANADA in the Year 1861 172
Table 155.—             " NUMBER of IMMIGRANT from VARIOUS COUNTRIES in each year from l851 to 1960 173
Table 156.—             " POPULATION of the PRINCIPAL TOWNS in 1861 173
Table 157.— 6. BRITISH COLUMBIA.— AREA and EUROPEAN Population in 1860 173
Table 158.— 7. VANCOUVER'S ISLAND.— AREA and Population, 1860 173
Table 159.— 8. NEW BRUNSWICK.— AREA and POPULATION according to the CENSUS OF 1861 173
Table 160.—         "           " NUMBER of BIRTHS, DEATHS and Marriages in the Year 1859 173
Table 161.— 9. NOVA SCOTIA.— AREA and POPULATION according to the CENSUS taken 30th March 1861 174
Table 162.—         "           " AGES of MALES and FEMALES 1861 174
Table 163.—         "           " CIVIL CONDITION of the POPULATIONS1861 174
Table 164.—         "           " OCCUPATIONS, 1861 174
Table 165.—         "           " COUNTRY of BIRTH of the POPULATION 1861 174
Table 166.—         "           " RELIGIOUS DENOMINATION 1861 174
Table 167.—         "           " Number of DEAF-and-DUMB, BLIND 175
Table 168.— 10. PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND.— AREA and POPULATION according to the CENSUS of September 16th, 1861 175
Table 169.—         "           "           " AGES of MALES and FEMALES, 1861 175
Table 170.—         "           "           " CIVIL CONDITION of the POPULATION 1861; and BIRTHS, DEATHS, and MARRIAGES, 1860. 175
Table 171.—         "           "           " RELIGIOUS DENOMINATION of the POPULATION, 1861 175
Table 172.—         "           "           " COUNTRY of BIRTH of the POPULATION, 1861 176
Table 173.—         "           "           " NUMBER of BLIND, DEAF and DUMB, and INSANE, 1861 176
Table 174.— 11. NEWFOUNDLAND.— AREA and Population, according to the latest Return, the census of 1857 176
Table 175.—             " NUMBER of BIRTHS, DEATHS, and MARRIAGES in the Year 1857 176
Table 176.— 12. BERMUDA— AREA and POPULATION according to the census of 1861 176
Table 177.—             " NUMBER of BIRTHS, DEATHS, and MARRIAGES in 1850, 1852, and 1860 176

WEST INDIAN POSSESSIONS.
Table 178.— 13. BAHAMAS.— AREA and POPULATION according to the CENSUS of 1861 177
Table 179.—             " NUMBER of BIRTHS and DEATHS in the Years 1858, 1859, and 1860 177
Table 180.— 14. TURK'S ISLANDS.— POPULATION ACCORDING to the CENSUS taken on 8th April 1861 177
Table 181.—         "           " AGES of the MALE and FEMALE POPULATIONS, 1861. 177
Table 182.—         "           " Occupations, 1861 177
Table 183.—         "           " NATIVE COUNTRY of the INHABITANTS 1861 178
Table 184.— 15. JAMAICA.— AREA and POPULATION ACCORDING to the CENSUS taken 6th May 1861 178
Table 185.—             " AGES of the TOTAL POPULATION, 1861 178
Table 186.—             " CIVIL CONDITION, 1861 179
Table 187.—             " PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS, 1861 179
Table 188.—             " NATIVE COUNTRY of the INHABITANTS 1861 179
Table 189.—             " NUMBER of the BLIND, DEAF-AND-DUMB, INSANE, &c., 1861 179
Table 190.—             " STATE of EDUCATION, 1861 179
Table 191.— 16. BRITISH HONDURAS.— AREA and POPULATION according to the CENSUS taken on 8th April 1861 179
Table 192.—         "           " AGES of the POPULATION, 1861 180
Table 193.—         "           " CIVIL CONDITION of the Population, 1861 180
Table 194.—         "           " OCCUPATIONS of the POPULATION 1861 180
Table 195.—         "           " NATIVE COUNTRY of the POPULATION, 1861 180
Table 196.—         "           " RELIGIOUS PROFESSION of the Population, 1861 180
Table 197.—         "           " NUMBER of the BLIND, DEAF-AND-DUMB, &c., 1861 180

LEEWARD ISLANDS.
Table 198.— 17. VIRGIN ISLANDS (TORTOLA, &c.).— Area and Population according to the census of 1st April 1861 181
Table 199.—         "           "           " Ages of Males and Females, 1861 181
Table 200.—         "           "           " Principal Occupations, 1861 181
Table 201.— 18. ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA.— Population enumerated on 8th April 1861 181
Table 202.—         "           " Ages of Males and Females in 1861 182
Table 203.—         "           " Civil Condition according to the census of 1861 182
Table 204.—         "           " Occupations according to the census of 1861 182
Table 205.—         "           " Native Country of the Inhabitants, 1861 182
Table 206.—         "           " Number of Blind, Deaf, Dumb, &c., in 1861 183
Table 207.— 19. ST. CHRISTOPHER'S AND ANGUILLA.— Area and Population according to the census taken 8th April 1861 183
Table 208.—         "           "           " Number of Births and Deaths in the Years 1859 and 1860 183
Table 209.—         "           "           " Area and Population of Anguilla 184
Table 210.— 20. NEVIS.— Area and Population according to the census of 1861 184
Table 211.—             " Ages of Males and Females, 1861 184
Table 212.—             " Occupations of the Inhabitants, 1861 184
Table 213.— 21. MONTSERRAT.— Area and Population according to Returns for the Years 1859 and 1861 185
Table 214.— 22. DOMINICA.— Area and Population enumerated 2nd April 1860 185
Table 215.—             " Ages of Males and Females according to the census of 1860 185
Table 216.—             " Occupations of the People, 1860 185

WINDWARD ISLANDS.
Table 217.— 23. ST. LUCIA.— Area and Population according to the census taken 13th May, 1861 186
Table 218.—             " Ages of the Population, 1861 186
Table 219.—             " Occupations of the Population, 1861 186
Table 220.—             " Native Country of Population, 1861 186
Table 221.— 24. ST. VINCENT.— Area and Population of St. Vincent and its dependencies, according to the census taken 14th October 1861 186
Table 222.—             " Ages of the Population, 1861 187
Table 223.—             " Occupations of the Population, 1861 187
Table 224.—             " Native Country and Race of the Population, 187
Table 225.—             " Religious Denominations, 1861 187
Table 226.— 25. BARBADOES.— Area and Population according to the census taken on 7th April 1861 187
Table 227.—             " Ages and Civil Condition, 1861 188
Table 228.—             " Occupations of the Inhabitants, 1861 188
Table 229.—             " Native Country of the Inhabitants, 1861 188
Table 230.—             " Number of Blind, Deaf-And-Dumb, &c. 1861 188
Table 231.— 26. GRENADA.— Area and Population in Grenada and its dependencies, according to census taken on 8th April 1861 188
Table 232.—             " Ages of the Population, 1861 189
Table 233.—             " Civil Condition of the Population, 1861 189
Table 234.—             " Occupations of the Population, 1861 189
Table 235.—             " Native Country of the Population, 1861 189
Table 236.—             " Religions denominations, 1861 189
Table 237.— 27. TOBAGO.— Area and Population according to the census taken on 7th April 1861 190
Table 238.—             " Ages of the Population, 1861 190
Table 239.—             " Occupations of the People, 1861 190
Table 240.—             " Native Country of the Inhabitants, 1861 190
Table 241.—             " Number of the Blind, Deaf, Dumb, &c. 190
Table 242.— 28. TRINIDAD.— Area, and Population according to the census taken in April, 1861 191
Table 243.—             " Ages of the Population, 1861 191
Table 244.—             " Occupations of the Population, 1861 191
Table 245.—             " Native Country of the Population, 1861 191
Table 246.— 29. BRITISH GUIANA.— Area and Population according to the census of 7th April 1861 191
Table 247.—         "           " Ages of the Population (exclusive of Native Indians), 1861 192
Table 248.—         "           " Civil Condition (exclusive of Native Indians), 1861 192
Table 249.—         "           " Occupations of the People, 1861 192
Table 250.—         "           " Native Country, &c. of the Inhabitants, 192

AFRICAN POSSESSIONS.
Table 251.— 30. GAMBIA.— Area and Population according to the census in 1851 193
Table 252.— 31. SIERRA LEONE.— Area and Population in the Year 1860 193
Table 253.—         "           " Occupations of the People, 1860 193
Table 254.—         "           " Race of the Population, 1860 193
Table 255.—         "           " Religious Denominations, 1860 193
Table 256.— 32. GOLD COAST.— Area and Population 193
Table 257.— 33. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.— Area and Population according to the latest Returns in 1860 194
Table 258.— 34. BRITISH KAFFRARIA.— Area and Population in 1861 194
Table 259.— 35. NATAL.— Area and Approximate Population in 1860 194

ISLANDS IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN.
Table 260.— 36. ST. HELENA.— Area and Population, according to the census of 7th April 1861 195
Table 261.—             " Ages of the Population (exlusive of Garrison and Shipping) 195
Table 262.—             " Occupations of the Population, 1861 (including the Garrison, but exclusive of Shipping) 195
Table 263.—             " Native Country of the Population, 1861 196
Table 264.—             " Density of Population, Number of Families, 1861 196
Table 265.—             " Number and Causes of Deaths during the Year 1860 (exclusive of Seamen and Strangers) 196
Table 266.— 37. FALKLAND ISLANDS.— Area and Population in the Year 1860 196

POSSESSIONS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN AND HONG KONG.
Table 267.— 38. MAURITIUS.— Area and Population, 1861 197
Table 268.—             " Ages of the Resident Population, 1861 197
Table 269.—             " Civil Condition of the Resident Population, 1861 198
Table 270.—             " Occupations of the entire Population, 1861 198
Table 271.—             " Countries of Birth and Nationalities of the Resident Population, 1861 199
Table 272.—             " Number of Blind, Deaf-And-Dumb, &c., 1861 199

DEPENDENCIES OF THE MAURITIUS.
Table 273.— 38. SEYCHELLES AND AMIRANTES.— Population on 8th April 1861 199
Table 274.— } AGES,
CIVIL CONDITION,
OCCUPATIONS, and
BIRTHPLACES		 } of the POPULATION of SEYCHELLES, together with the NUMBER of BLIND, DEAF and DUMB, and INFIRM. 200
Table 275.—
Table 276.—
Table 277.—
Table 278.— 39. CEYLON.— Area and Population, 1861 200
Table 279.—             " Number of BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, and DEATHS in each of the Years 1859, 1860, and 1861 201
Table 280.—             " NUMBER of PERSONS engaged in AGRICULTURE, MANUFACTURE, and COMMERCE in 1861 201
Table 281.— 40. HONG Kong.— AREA and POPULATION, 31st December 1861 201
Table 282.— 41. LABUAN.— AREA and POPULATION in 1860 201

AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND.
Table 283.— 42. NEW SOUTH WALES.— Area and Population, 1861 202
Table 284.—         "           " Ages of the Population, 1861 202
Table 285.—         "           " Civil Condition of the Population, 1861 202
Table 286.—         "           " Occupations of the Population, 1861 203
Table 287.—         "           " Birthplaces of the Population, 1861 203
Table 288.—         "           " Religious Professions of the Population, 1860 203
Table 289.—         "           " Education, 1861 204
Table 290.— 43. QUEENSLAND.— Area and Population, 1861 204
Table 291.—             " Ages of the Population, 1861 204
Table 292.—             " Civil Condition of the Population, 1861 204
Table 293.—             " Occupations of the People, 1861 205
Table 294.—             " Birthplaces of the Population, 1861 205
Table 295.—             " Religious Denominations, 1861 205
Table 296.—             " Education, 1861 206
Table 297.— 44. VICTORIA.— Area and Population, 1861 206
Table 298.—             " Increase of the Population 1861 206
Table 299.—             " Birthplaces of the Population, 1861 206
Table 300.—             " Religious Denominations, 1861 207
Table 301.— 45. SOUTH AUSTRALIA.— Area and Population, 1861 207
Table 302.—         "           " Increase of Population, 1861 207
Table 303.—         "           " Ages of the People, 1861 207
Table 304.—         "           " Civil Condition of the People, 1861 208
Table 305.—         "           " Occupations of the People, 1861 208
Table 306.—         "           " Birthplaces of the Population, 1861 209
Table 307.—         "           " Sick and Infirm, 1861 209
Table 308.—         "           " State of Education, 1861 209
Table 309.— 46. WESTERN AUSTRALIA.— Area and Population, 1861 210
Table 310.—         "           " Ages of the People, 1861 210
Table 311.—         "           " Occupations of the Population, 1861 210
Table 312.—         "           " Country of Birth of the Population, 1860 210
Table 313.—         "           " Religion of the People, 1861 210
Table 314.—         "           " Number of Births and Deaths, 1854-1860 210
Table 315.— 47. TASMANIA.— Area and Population, 1861 211
Table 316.—             " Ages of the Population, 1861 211
Table 317.—             " Civil Condition of the People, 1861 211
Table 318.—             " Occupations of the Population, 1861 211
Table 319.—             " Religious Denominations, 1861 211
Table 320.—             " Education, 1861 211
Table 321.—             " Houses, 1861 211
Table 322.— 48. NEW ZEALAND.— Area and Population, 1860-1861 212
Table 323.—         "           " Estimated European Population in December 1860 212
Table 324.— 49. INDIA.— Area and Population, 1860 212

BRITISH-BORN POPULATION IN INDIA, 1861.
Table 325.— } Number, Ages and Civil Condition of British-Born Subjects (exclusive of Army and Navy) dwelling in India on or about 8th April 1861 213
Table 326.—
Table 327.—
Table 328.— Occupations of British-Born Subjects in India, 1861 214-215
Table 329.— } Details of Occupations of Male and Female British-Born Subjects in India, 1861 216
Table 330.—
Table 331.— Country of Birth of British-Born Subjects in India, 1861 217
Table 332.— Average European Force in India, 1861 217

1861 Census of England and Wales, General Report; with appendix of tables (1863 LIII (3221) 1),

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