Foreigners

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B.—FOREIGNERS.

The total number of foreigners, i.e., persons born outwith British territory, colony, or dependency, and who are neither British subjects by parentage nor naturalised British subjects, was 24,739, 15,709 being males, and 9,030 females. Compared with the corresponding figures of 1901, male foreigners number 1,263 more, female 851 more, and the two sexes combined 2,114 more. The intercensal rate of increase in the male foreign population is 8.74 per cent., in the female foreign population 10.40 per cent., and in the total foreign population 9.34 per cent.

The principal statistical facts regarding these foreigners, including their distribution by nationality, by place of residence, by occupation, and by sex and age are tabulated on pages 43 to 61, and the following notes are based on the figures there given.

Russians and Poles.— These, though tabulated separately, are better considered collectively, because persons belonging to Russian Poland might equally truthfully describe themselves either as Russians or as Poles, and confusion might, and almost certainly would, arise if they were dealt with separately. Collectively, they form the largest group enumerated, amounting to 11,032, or nearly 45 per cent, of all the foreigners enumerated in Scotland. 6,520 are males, and 4,512 females. Compared with the corresponding figures of 1901, the males are found to be 233 more, the females 426 more, and the two sexes collectively 659 more. Of the males, 3,390, and of the females, 2,712, were described as Russians, 3,130 males and 1,800 females being described as Poles. Of the males, 5,924 are stated to have remunerative occupation, and of the females, 650. Of the occupied males the largest numbers are found to be miners, 2,611; tailors, 687; workers in iron and other metal manufacture, 661; commercial travellers (a description sometimes adopted by hawkers and peddlers of certain classes), 304; and workers in furniture manufacture, 283. Of the occupied female Russians and Poles the largest number, 279, are described as tailors or dressmakers. Of the above "miners" and "workers in iron and other metal manufacture," the majority are described as Poles, but in the other occupations mentioned the majority are described as Russians. Of the Russians and Poles the largest numbers were found in Lanarkshire, where 8,590, out of the total of 11,032 were enumerated 4,757 being enumerated in Glasgow, and 3,833 in the remainder of the county. In the County of Edinburgh, Russians and Poles numbered 1,083; in the County of Ayr, 608, while the numbers are smaller in other counties. Of those enumerated in the County of Edinburgh, 721 were in the City of Edinburgh, and 362 elsewhere within the county. In Dundee, Russians and Poles numbered 98, and in Aberdeen 44. Caithness, Kinross, and Nairn are the only three counties in which no Russians or Poles were enumerated.

Italians.— Next to Russians and Poles, Italians are found to be most numerous. They number 4,594—constituting fully 18 per cent, of all the foreigners—and they are 543 more than in 1901. Of these, 3,103 are males and 1,491 females. The largest numbers are found in the counties of Lanark, 2,114—1,398 being enumerated in Glasgow; in Edinburgh, 482—334 being within the City of Edinburgh, and 148 in the remainder of the county; in Renfrew, 310; in Fife, 257; in Ayr, 286; and in Forfar, 271. Italians were enumerated in all counties with the exception of Ross and Cromarty, and Sutherland. The number enumerated in the City of Dundee was 199, and in that of Aberdeen 115. Of the males, relatively large numbers are described as engaged in the manufacture and sale of bread, biscuits, cakes, and sweets, 1.542; as workers in the sale or preparation of other foods, 199; as keepers of coffee-, lodging-, or eating-houses, 278; as waiters or domestic servants, 187; as musicians, 48; and as hairdressers, 166. Of the occupied Italian females 82 are described as waitresses or domestic servants, and 161 as workers in the making or selling of foods. Comparison with the figures of the 1901 census shows that Italians in Scotland have increased in number by 543, and that the greater part of this increase has occurred in the Counties of Fife, Ayr, and Forfar. Of the male Italians 2,997 are aged ten years and upwards, and of these, 2,875, or 95.93 per cent., are returned as having some remunerative occupation. Of the female Italians 1,401 are ten years of age and upwards, and of these, 321, or 22.91 per cent., are returned as having some remunerative occupation.

Germans.— The total number of Germans enumerated in Scotland was 2,362, 1,509 being males, and 853 females. In 1901 male Germans numbered 2,014, and female 1,218, and the intercensal changes in their numbers are diminutions, male Germans being now 505 fewer, female 365 fewer, and the total 870 fewer. Of the Germans 1,022, or 43.27 per cent., were enumerated in the Cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, 561 being in Glasgow, and 461 in Edinburgh. Germans in the Cities of Dundee and Aberdeen numbered 61 and 100 respectively. Considerable numbers were found in the following counties, the figures relative to Edinburgh and Lanark being given exclusive of the numbers in the Cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow :— Lanark, 237; Fife, 230; Edinburgh, 151; Renfrew, 80; Ayr, 77; and Stirling, 61. Of the males 1,473 were ten years of age or upwards, and of these, 1,383, or 93.89 per cent., were returned as having remunerative occupations; while of the females 814 were of these ages, and 237 of these, or 29.12 per cent,, were returned as having remunerative occupations. The occupations to which the largest numbers of males were returned, and the numbers so returned, include seamen, 273; servants, domestic, and in hotels, lodging-houses, eating-houses, etc, 166; miners, 91; hairdressers, 76; commercial clerks, 59; makers and dealers in bread, biscuits, cakes, etc., 59; butchers, 45; and musicians, 41. Among the occupied German females there are 97 domestic servants and 46 teachers.

Citizens of the United States of America.— Persons born outwith the United Kingdom, and stated to be citizens of the United States, numbered 1,176, 618 being males, and 558 females. In 1901 they numbered 690, and the intercensal change is thus an increase of 486, males showing an increase of 240, and females of 246. Of these American citizens 535, or 45.49 per cent., were enumerated in the four cities, 162 being in Edinburgh, 284 in Glasgow, 38 in Dundee, and 51 in Aberdeen. In the counties, exclusive of these cities, considerable numbers were found in Lanark, 133; Renfrew, 79; Fife, 59; Ayr, 55; and Edinburgh, 51. Of the males 532, and of the females 475, were aged ten years or upwards, while 451 of the former, and 131 of the latter, were returned as having remunerative occupations. The occupations to which these American citizens were returned are very mixed, and no predominantly large numbers are found in any particular occupation, or group of occupations. The largest number of males returned to any one occupation is only 33, and of females only 24, the former consisting of miners, and the latter of domestic servants.

Norwegians.— These numbered 996, 766 being males and 230 females. In 1901 Norwegian males numbered 706, and females 208, and the intercensal increase of males is thus found to be 60, and of females 22. Of the Norwegians, the largest numbers were found in the County of Stirling, 189; in Glasgow, 155; in Shetland, 122; in Fife, 106; in the City of Edinburgh, 74; in the County of Edinburgh, exclusive of the City of Edinburgh, 90; and in the County of Lanark, exclusive of the City of Glasgow, 42. Of the males, 753 were aged ten or more, and of these, 719 were returned as having remunerative occupation; while the females of ten years of age and over numbered 227, and of these, 120 were returned as having such occupation. The occupations to which the largest numbers of males were returned, and the numbers so returned include seamen, 490; workers in oil (mostly connected with the whale fishing in Shetland), 39; clerks, 32; and fishermen, 31. The majority of the occupied Norwegian females, 96, were returned as domestic servants.

French.— These numbered 720, of whom 314 were males and 406 females. They are the only foreigners in which the females enumerated outnumbered the males. In 1901 male French numbered 259, and the female 331, and the intercensal increase of males has thus amounted to 55, while that of females has amounted to 75. Of the French, 373, or 52 per cent., were enumerated in the four cities, the number in Edinburgh being 164; in Glasgow, 162; in Dundee, 23; and in Aberdeen, 24. Of the males, 308, and of the females, 399, were aged ten years or over, and of these, 281 and 255 respectively were returned as having occupations. The occupations of the largest numbers of the males, and the numbers in them, are seamen, 46; cooks, 46; and teachers, 30; and the occupations of the largest numbers of the females are nuns and Sisters of Charity, 90; and domestic servants, 64.

Danes.— Danes enumerated numbered 712, 554 being males and 158 females. In 1901 males numbered 450 and females 114, and the intercensal increase of males is thus found to be 104, and of females, 44. The largest numbers were enumerated in the three counties which have shipping ports on the Firth of Forth, Edinburgh, Fife, and Stirling, 443, or fully 62 per cent, of the total being enumerated in these counties. The number in Edinburgh was 263; in Fife, 126; and in Stirling, 54. The number enumerated in the City of Edinburgh was 73, and in the City of Glasgow, 62. Of the males, the majority, 326, are found to be seamen, and of the occupied females, who number in all 71, the majority, 51, are domestic servants,

Swedes.— These numbered 711, 580 being males, and 131 females. In 1901 they numbered 680, 517 being males, and 163 females. Thus the intercensal change is found to be an increase of 63 in the number of males, and a decrease of 32 in the number of females. The largest numbers were enumerated in the Counties of Fife, 148; Shetland, 147; Lanark, 122; and Edinburgh, 121. Of those enumerated in the County of Edinburgh, 53 were in the City of Edinburgh, and 68 in the remainder of the county; and of those enumerated in the County of Lanark, 105 were in Glasgow, and 17 in the remainder of the county. Of the males, 573 were of ten years of age or over, and of these the great majority were either seamen or fishermen, the former numbering 292, and the latter, 147. The females with occupations numbered 60, 35 of them being domestic servants.

Austrians and Hungarians.— Austrians and Hungarians collectively were found to number 528, 386 being males, and 142 females. In 1901 they numbered 404, 270 being males, and 134 females. The intercensal change is thus an increase of 116 males and 8 females. The largest numbers were found in the County of Lanark, 282 being enumerated in Glasgow, and 56 in the remainder of the county. Occupied males numbered 347. Their occupations were very varied, no large number being returned as belonging to any one occupation or to any one group of occupations; a considerable number were returned as miners, 73, and as waiters, 46. Of the females, only 28 were returned as having occupations.

Dutch.— These numbered 407, 298 being males, and 109 females. In 1901 they numbered 185, 135 being males, and 50 females, and the intercensal change is thus an increase of 163 males, and one of 50 females. Of the males, 271 were returned as having occupations, and of the females, 21. Of the former, the largest numbers were returned as seamen, 103; agricultural workers, mostly engaged in the preparation of moss litter, 62; and fishermen, 25.

Swiss.— These numbered 369, 190 being males and 179 females. In 1901 the males numbered 199, and the females 177, and the intercensal change has thus been an increase of 2 in the number of females, but a decrease of 9 in the number of males. Of the 190 males, 81 were enumerated in the City of Glasgow, and 35 in the City of Edinburgh, while of the 179 females, 48 were enumerated in the City of Edinburgh, and 43 in the City of Glasgow. In all 231, or 62.60 per cent., were enumerated in the four large cities. Of the 190 males, 183 were returned as having remunerative occupation, the majority of them being connected with domestic or eating-house service, 30 being stated to be cooks, 29 waiters, 27 makers or sellers of bread, cakes, or sweets, 18 keepers and servants of coffee- or lodging-houses, and 15 domestic servants. The occupied females number 110, 75 of them being domestic servants, and 20 teachers.

Spaniards.— These are found to number 300, the males being 227, and the females 73. The intercensal increase of males amounts to 96, and of females to 48. Of the Spaniards the largest number was enumerated in the County of Ayr, 106 males and 37 females, in all 143, or 47.67 per cent, of the total enumerated in Scotland. In Lanarkshire the Spaniards numbered 55; in Dumbartonshire, 27; in Edinburghshire, 26; and in Dumfriesshire, 21. The intercensal increase in their number is largely accounted for by the increase found in Ayrshire, where in 1901 Spaniards numbered 40, the figure at the present census showing an increase of 103. This increase is further traced to the number of Spaniards engaged in iron manufacture and mining in the Parishes of Auchinleck, Muirkirk, and New Cumnock. In Dumfriesshire the intercensal increase of Spaniards amounts to 14; in Edinburghshire to 15; and in Dumbartonshire to 25. In Lanarkshire their number has diminished by 30 during the intercensal period, there having been 85 of them in 1901. Of the 227 males 175 are stated to have remunerative occupations, while of the 73 females only 9 are stated to have such occupations. The principal occupations of the males are seamen, 64; workers in iron and steel manufacture, 54; and miners, 13.

Belgians. —These are found to number 137, 87 being males, and 50 females. In 1901 the males number 90, and the females 39, and the total intercensal increase is accordingly 8. Of the Belgians, 45 were enumerated in the City of Glasgow, 17 in the City of Edinburgh, and 17 in the County of Inverness. Of the males, 71 were returned as having remunerative occupation, 16 of them being workers in quarries, and smaller numbers in other occupations. Of the females, 22 were described as having occupations.

Portuguese.— These numbered 52, and are 48 more than in 1901. Of these, 50 were males and 2 females. Of the males, 34 were described as having remunerative occupations, the majority of that number, 24, being stated to be seamen. Portuguese enumerated in the City of Glasgow numbered 22, and in the County of Renfrew 15.

Turks .—These numbered 38, which is 5 fewer than in 1901. Of their number, 29 were males, and 9 females; 18 were enumerated in Glasgow, and 10 in Edinburgh. Of the 29 males, 20 were described as having occupation, and of the females, 3 were so described.

Servians, Romanians, and Bulgarians .—These collectively numbered 19, which is 14 fewer than in 1901. Of these, 16 are Romanians, 2 are Bulgarians, and 1 a Servian; 3 are females—2 Romanians, and 1 Bulgarian. Of the 19 persons in this group 13 were enumerated in Glasgow.

Asiatics.— Asiatics, other than British subjects, numbered 263, 171 being Chinese, 21 Japanese, and 71 of other nationalities. In 1901 these collectively numbered 78, the Chinese numbering 38, the Japanese 21, and the remainder 19. Of the Chinese, 155 are males, and 16 females; of the Japanese, 18 are males, and 3 females, and of the remainder, 60 are males, and 11 females. Of the male Chinese 81, of the male Japanese 12, and of the males of the remainder 48, were described as having remunerative occupation. The majority in each case were seamen, the Chinese seamen numbering 76; the Japanese, 3; and those of the remainder, 38.

Africans .—These, exclusive of British subjects, numbered 88, of whom 58 were stated to be natives of Egypt. In 1901 Egyptians enumerated in Scotland numbered 8, and other Africans, 10. Thus there has been an intercensal increase of 50 in the number of the Egyptians and 20 in the number of other Africans. Of the Egyptians, 42 are male, and 16 female, and a majority of them are students. Of the other Africans, 26 are males, and 4 females; 7 were enumerated in Edinburgh, and 18 in Glasgow; and the most frequent occupations are those of drapers and hawkers.

Americans other than United States Citizens .—These include 6 Citizens of Mexico, 31 of Brazil, 48 of the Argentine Republic, and 54 of other American States, in all 139. In 1901 these collectively numbered 59, and there has thus been an inercensal increase of 80. A considerable proportion of the total were students, and only 49 had remunerative occupations.

Increase of Foreigners since 1861 .—The. foregoing analysis of the Foreign population of Scotland is based on the total number of foreigners enumerated, and as that number includes a considerable population enumerated on board ship, it cannot be accepted as a strict indication of the amount of the resident foreign population. This being so, the foreign population enumerated on board ship has been separately tabulated —vide Table IX. (pp. 58 and 59)—and by a comparison between the total figures and those of the shipping section of the population an estimation may be made of the remainder—viz., the resident section of the foreign population. But before considering these-figures,, a. few remarks regarding the intercensal increases of foreigners since 1861 may not be without interest.

TABLE C — NATIONALITY OF FOREIGNERS ENUMERATED IN
SCOTLAND AT EACH CENSUS, 1861-1911.

COUNTRY OF NATIONALITY. CENSUS.
1911 1901 1891 1881 1871 1861
Russia 6,102 7,184 999 225 91 63
Poland (Russia) 4,930 3,189 476 311 169 68
Sweden 711 680 469 513 198 90
             
Norway 996 914 950 536 468 504
Denmark 712 564 558 323 309 596
Holland 407 185 321 196 180 181
             
Belgium 137 129 69 57 64 23
France 720 590 446 469 496 210
Germany 2,362 3,232 2,052 2,143 1,531 1,303
             
Austria-Hungary 528 404 193 227 131 59
Switzerland 369 376 209 111 112 53
Spain 300 156 44 57 66 193
             
Portugal 52 4 17 20 19 17
Italy 4,594 4,051 749 328 268 119
Greece 52 46 9 53 13 7
             
Servia 1 } 33 13 2
Roumania 16
Bulgaria 2
             
Montenegro
Turkey 38 45 17 14 7 7
             
China 171 38 29 10 } 8 5
Japan 21 21 } 63 50
Other Asiatic Nations 71 19
             
Egypt 58 8 11 7 } 20 14
Other African Nations 30 10 3 8
             
United States 1,176 690 660 539 } 548 453
Mexico 6 4 2 3
Brazil 31 19 13 18
Argentine Republic 48 12 } 130 179
Other American States 54 24
Not Stated 44 8 4
             
Total 24,739 22,627 8,510 6,399 4,698 3,969

In 1861 foreigners enumerated in Scotland numbered 3,969, the most numerous nationalities being Germans, 1,303; Danes, 596; and Norwegians, 504. Russians and Poles, who now collectively number 11,032, then numbered only 131, and Italians, who now number 4,594, then numbered only 119. The increase between 1861 and 1871 was 729; between 1871 and 1881 it was 1,701, and between 1881 and 1891 it was 2,111. But the increase in the period 1891 to 1901 enormously exceeded the earlier increases, and amounted to 14,117, or nearly seven times as much as the increase during the previous intercensal period. The increase of the most recent intercensal period, 2,112, is much smaller than that of the previous period, and is approximately the same as that of the period 1881 to 1891. These figures show that the large influx of foreigners which took place during the period 1891 to 1901 has not continued, and that the growth of the foreign population has again fallen to more moderate proportions. The excessive increase of foreigners during the period 1891 to 1901 is found to be largely due to increases in the numbers of Italians and of Russians and Poles, the former having then increased by 3,302, and the latter by 8,898, the previous intercensal increase of the former being 421, and of the latter, 939. The number of Germans in Scotland was also found to have largely increased during the period 1891 to 1901, the numbers in 1891 being 2,052, and in 1901, 3,232. The only foreign nationality showing a materially larger numerical increase at this census than at all previous censuses is that of citizens of the United States of America; in 1881 they numbered 539, in 1891 their number was found to have increased to 660, and in 1901 to 690, while it now amounts to 1,176.

TABLE D.—FOREIGNERS ENUMERATED IN SCOTLAND IN 1911 AND 1901,
SHOWING THE NUMBERS ON BOARD SHIPS.

COUNTRY OF
NATIONALITY.
1911 1901
On Board
Ships.
Others. TOTAL. On Board
Ships.
Others. TOTAL.
Males. Fem. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. Males. Fem.
Russia 121 3 3,269 2,709 6,102 245 10 3,846 3,083 7,184
Poland (Russia) 2 3,128 1,800 4,930 2,196 993 3,189
Sweden 413 9 167 122 711 316 16 201 147 680
                     
Norway 496 6 270 224 996 442 2 264 206 914
Denmark 324 11 230 147 712 270 2 180 112 564
Holland 124 1 174 108 407 52 83 50 185
                     
Belgium 5 82 50 137 2 88 39 129
France 38 276 406 720 6 253 331 590
Germany 270 1 1,239 852 2,362 282 2 1,732 1,216 3,232
                     
Austria-Hungary 18 368 142 528 15 255 134 404
Switzerland 2 188 179 369 1 198 177 376
Spain 58 169 73 300 60 71 25 156
                     
Portugal 19 31 2 52 2 2 4
Italy 56 1 3,047 1,490 4,594 54 2,741 1,256 4,051
Greece 17 35 52 8 28 10 46
                     
Servia 1 1 } 28 5 33
Roumania 14 2 16
Bulgaria 1 1 2
                     
Montenegro
Turkey 2 27 9 38 27 16 43
                     
China 75 80 16 171 33 3 2 38
Japan 2 16 3 21 20 1 21
Other Asiatic Nations 37 23 11 71 7 11 1 19
                     
Egypt 24 16 58 6 2 8
Other African Nations 26 4 30 1 9 10
                     
United States 5 613 558 1,176 9 1 369 311 690
Mexico 4 2 6 2 2 4
Brazil 22 9 31 15 4 19
Argentine Republic 32 16 48 4 8 12
Other American States 1 31 22 54 1 10 13 24
Not Stated 19 25 44
                     
Total 2,085 32 13,624 8,998 24,739 1,804 33 12,642 8,146 22,625

Foreigners in the Shipping Population.— Of the 24,739 foreigners enumerated in Scotland, 2,117, or 8.56 per cent, were enumerated on board ship, while 22,622, or 91.44 per cent., were enumerated on shore. In 1901 the total foreign population numbered 22,625, 1,837, or 8.12 per cent., being enumerated on board ship, and 20,788, or 91.88 per cent., on shore. Thus the total has increased by 2,114, or 9.3 per cent.; the number enumerated on board ship has increased by 280, or 15.2 per cent.; and the number enumerated on shore by 1,834, or 8.8 per cent. The absolute increase of. the shipping section of this population has therefore been less, but the proportional increase larger, than that of the remainder.

Of the foreign shipping population, the largest sections are found to consist of Norwegians, 502; Swedes, 422; Danes, 335; Germans, 271; Russians and Poles, 126; and Dutch, 125; and thus the larger part of the foreign shipping population belongs to those countries which have a seaboard on the Baltic and the North Sea. These figures further show that only 389, or 54.71 per cent., of the enumerated Swedes were residents, or more strictly, enumerated on shore, the corresponding figures of the Norwegians, Danes, and Dutch being 494, or 49.60 per cent., 377, or 52.95 percent., and 282, or 69.29 per cent, respectively. Of the 171 Chinese enumerated, 75 were enumerated on board ship, and 96 ashore.

TABLE E.—NATIONALITY OF FOREIGNERS ENUMERATED IN
POORHOUSES, LUNATIC ASYLUMS, AND PRISONS.

COUNTRY OF NATIONALITY. POORHOUSES. LUNATIC ASYLUMS. PRISONS.
Males. Fem. TOTAL. Males. Fem. TOTAL. Males. Fem. TOTAL.
Russia 4 2 6 17 9 26 3 3
Poland (Russia) 7 7 5 4 9 6 6
Sweden 2 2
                   
Norway 2 3 5
Denmark 2 1 3 1 1 1 1
Holland 1 1
                   
Belgium
France 2 2 1 3 4 1 1
Germany 3 2 5 2 5 7 4 4
                   
Austria-Hungary 1 1 2 2
Switzerland
Spain 2 2 2 2
                   
Portugal
Italy 3 3 1 1 10 10
Greece 1 1
                   
Servia
Roumania 1 1
Bulgaria
                   
Montenegro
Turkey 1 1
                   
China
Japan
Other Asiatic Nations 1 1
                   
Egypt
Other African Nations
                   
United States 14 1 15 4 2 6 8 8
Mexico
Brazil
Argentine Republic
Other American States
                   
Total 42 9 51 33 25 58 38 38

The largest numbers of the foreign shipping population were enumerated in the Counties of Fife, 523; Edinburgh, 378; Stirling, 296; Lanark, 240; Shetland, 221; and Aberdeen, 111. In the County of Shetland only 59, or 21.07 per cent., of the total foreigners were enumerated on shore; in the County of Caithness only 19, or 45.24 per cent., of the total were enumerated on shore; in Fife only 595, or 53.22 per cent.; in Stirling only 443, or 59.95 per cent.; and in Ross and Cromarty, 22, or 66.67 per cent.

Foreigners in Institutions .—Table E has been drawn up to show the numbers of foreigners enumerated in poorhouses, lunatic asylums, and prisons. It may there be seen that 51 foreigners were found in poorhouses, 58 in lunatic asylums, and 38 in prison. The country to which the largest number of the paupers belongs is the United States, 15 of the 51 being described as United States citizens; the country to which the largest number of lunatic foreigners belongs is Russia, including Poland, these numbering 35; and the country to which the largest number of alien prisoners belongs is Italy, these numbering 10 out of the total of 38.

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